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In addition to your rows of images, in most cases you will also want to capture one image straight up (+90°) and one straight down (–90°). By taking a shot straight up, you ensure that the upper region of the panorama blends well with the images that compose the topmost row. Taking a shot straight up will also guarantee that your panorama does not end up with a hole (black space) at the zenith. By capturing a handheld shot downward, without the tripod, you can eliminate the tripod from your scene. These images will be stitched together just like all the other images in your panorama. If the tripod is visible in some of your shots, you can remove it using the Stencil Tool Figures A and B demonstrate the technique for capturing straight up and down images.
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You may under some circumstances wish to capture a panorama without using a tripod or pan head. To guarantee good results from a handheld panorama, you should be aware of the following points:
 Use a wide-angle lens to reduce the number of images needed
Capture sufficient overlap between images
Avoid parallax. When you reposition the camera for each shot, try to pivot your body around the camera (as opposed to standing in the same spot and pivoting the camera around you)
The goal is to photograph the scene while keeping the camera at the same point in space. Reducing parallax will ensure that the images stitch properly.
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